Authors: Huay Din, Grace Jianan Gang, Grace Hyun Kim, Michael F. McNitt-Gray, Joseph W. Stayman, Yijie Yuan
Affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, John Hopkins University, University of Pennsylvania, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Radiomics rely on quantitative features to discern underlying biological signatures. However, feature dependence on the imaging systems themselves hampers the creation of reproducible and ...
Authors: Merce Beltran Vilagrasa, Nuria Jornet, Cristina Moreno Saiz, Maria Pinto Monedero, Carlos Prieto Martín, María José Rot San Juan, Pablo Saldaña Gutierrez, Agustin Santos
Affiliation: Servicio de Radiofísica Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Servicio de Radiofísica y Protección Radiológica, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castellón, Servicio de Radiofísica y Protección Radiológica. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Servicio de Física Médica y Protección Radiológica, Instituto Catalán de Oncología/Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Servei de Física i Protecció Radiològica. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Servei de Radiofísica i Radioprotecció. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servicio de Radiofísica y Protección Radiológica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Servicio de Radiofísica Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Patient safety (PS) is a discipline that is not usually included in the training curricula of medical physics experts in many countries. This implies that PS is addressed by professional soci...
Authors: Zhitao Dai, Riao Dao, Xuanfeng Ding, Qingkun Fan, Yajun Jia, Gang Liu, Gang Peng, Yujia Qian, Hong Quan, Kunyu Yang, Sheng Zhang, Lewei Zhao
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Corewellhealth William Beaumont University Hospital, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital Shenzhen Hospital, School of Physics and Technology,Wuhan University, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital， Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Lattice radiation therapy (LRT) is an innovative three-dimensional(3D) implementation type of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT). This study aims to develop a novel spot-scanning...
Authors: Zhenzhen Dai, Anthony J. Doemer, Ryan Hall, Kenneth Levin, Bing Luo, Benjamin Movsas, Karen C. Snyder, Kundan S Thind, Eleanor Walker
Affiliation: Henry Ford Health, HFHS
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of a predictive tool for efficient allocation of hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation patients between Varian Truebeam and Ethos systems.
Methods: A ful...
Authors: Stephen R. Bowen, Chunyan Duan, Daniel S. Hippe, Qiantuo Liu, Jing Sun, Jiajie Wang, Shouyi Wang, Faisal Yaseen, Xiaojing Zhu
Affiliation: Tongji University, University of Washington, Department of Radiation Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Texas at Arlington
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Accurate prediction of patient response to radiotherapy plays a crucial role in monitoring disease progression and assessing treatment efficacy, enabling clinicians to develop personalized th...
Authors: Mojtaba Behzadipour, Siyong Kim, Mitchell Polizzi, Richard R. Wargo, Lulin Yuan
Affiliation: VCU Health - Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to develop a method for generating missing tissue in CT scans of patients with large body sizes, where the field of view (FOV) of the scanner fails to capture ...
Authors: Lu Jiang, Shusen Jing, Qihui Lyu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng, Qifan Xu
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
Abstract Preview: Purpose: In radiotherapy, the conformity and compactness of dose distribution are vital to patient outcomes. The introduction of highly complex planning, such as 4π radiotherapy, has provided a system...
Authors: Daniel A. Alexander, Anish Butala, Anthony Austin Kassaee, Neil Malhotra, Ian Messing, Gabrielle W Peters, Ryan M. Scheuermann
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for spinal metastases uses CBCT-based localization and highly conformal treatment delivery to increase the biologically equivalent dose to the targe...
Authors: Quan Chen, Xue Feng, Chunhui Han, Gaofeng Huang, Trevor Ketcherside, Yi Lao, Yun Rose Li, An Liu, Bo Liu, Kun Qing, William T. Watkins
Affiliation: Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco-UC Berkeley, Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Carina Medical LLC
Abstract Preview: Purpose: New treatment platforms such as Ethos (Varian Medical Systems) allow the introduction of multi-modal imaging into adaptive radiotherapy workflow to facilitate an up-to-date view of patients’ ...
Authors: Rex A. Cardan, Carlos E. Cardenas, Quan Chen, Jingwei Duan, Joseph Harms, Joel A. Pogue, Richard A. Popple, Yi Rong, Dennis N. Stanley, Natalie N. Viscariello, Libing Zhu
Affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Mayo Clinic Arizona, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Manual verification of organs-at-risk(OARs) delineations is a critical yet time-intensive process, often susceptible to unintentional oversights. To assist the reviewing process, a population...
Authors: Julien Bancheri, Chau Giang Bui, Christopher M Lund, Morgan J Maher, Jamiel Nasser, Amy Parent, Monica Serban, Jan P. Seuntjens, Jason Z Yuan
Affiliation: University of Toronto, Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre & University of Toronto
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Proton therapy (PT) has demonstrated greater precision and superior healthy tissue sparing compared to photon radiotherapy for various sites; however, PT systems are expensive, which limits g...
Authors: Wesley S. Culberson, Albert Du, Ryan T. Flynn, Ryan Gardner, Alonso N. Gutierrez, Patrick M Hill, Daniel E. Hyer, Blake R. Smith, Nhan Vu, Karsten K. Wake
Affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Health Care
Abstract Preview: Purpose: In proton therapy, the substantial size of the gantry introduces sag, causing the proton isocenter to drift as a function of gantry angle. While the scanning magnets correct the beam’s isocen...
Authors: Alan Rui Li, Qihui Lyu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
The Sparse Primary Sampling (SPS) grid was shown in a previous computational study to improve image quality by correcting scatter-induced effects and artifacts in Cone-beam Computed Tomogr...
Authors: Zhaoyang Fan, Eric Nguyen, Dan Ruan, Jiayu Xiao
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, University of Southern California
Abstract Preview: Purpose: MR vessel wall imaging (VWI) has been shown to be effective for evaluating intracranial atherosclerosis disease. However, VWI typically also requires an MR angiography (MRA) in the same imagi...
Authors: Afrouz Ataei, Xinhui Duan, Andrew R. Godley, Mi-Ae Park, Mahbubur Rahman, Liqiang Ren, Chenyang Shen, Gary Xu
Affiliation: Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Rush University, Imaging Services, UT Southwestern Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Electron density (ED) phantoms are crucial for calibrating CT number (HU) to relative ED in treatment planning. This study evaluates the differences in HU-to-ED calibrations between two co...
Authors: Beth Bradshaw Ghavidel, Chih-Wei Chang, Yuan Gao, Priyanka Kapoor, Shaoyan Pan, Junbo Peng, Richard L.J. Qiu, Jill Remick, Justin R. Roper, Zhen Tian, Xiaofeng Yang
Affiliation: Whinship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Emory University, University of Chicago, Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Current cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) typically requires no less than 200 degrees of angular projections, which prolongs scanning time and increases radiation exposure. To address thes...
Authors: Xinyi Fu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) are easy to generate and widely used to establish research protocols in pulmonary diagnosis and image-guided radiotherapy tasks. A question remai...
Authors: Xiaoyu Duan, Xiang Li, Wenbo Wan, Lei Zhang, Yiwen Zhang
Affiliation: Duke University, Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Breast screening has been proved to reduce breast cancer mortality by early detection and treatment for patients. Mammography is the most common and widely used technique for breast cancer sc...
Authors: Xinhui Duan, Roderick W. McColl, Mi-Ae Park, Liqiang Ren, Gary Xu, Kuan Zhang, Yue Zhang
Affiliation: UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Imaging Services, UT Southwestern Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Image-based deep-learning noise-reduction techniques have been developed for photon-counting CT (PCCT) to improve image quality with reduced radiation dose. The denoising strength is typic...
Authors: Peter Balter, Elaine Eunnae Cha, Seungtaek Choi, Yao Ding, Eun Young Han, Yusung Kim, Rajat J. Kudchadker, Belinda Lee, Surendra Prajapati, Reza Reiazi, Ergys D. Subashi, Sarath Vijayan, Jinzhong Yang, Yao Zhao
Affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: This study evaluates the feasibility of an MR-only simulation, planning, and treatment (MROSPT) workflow for pelvic cancer patients using synthetic CT generated from MRI data. By validating s...
Authors: Alyssa Gadsby, William J. Godwin, Jennifer L. Harper, Daniel G. McDonald, Jean L. Peng, Alek K. Rapchak, Sean A Roles, Austin M. Skinner, Stephanie Tan
Affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Multi-Criteria Optimization (MCO) theoretically allows for increased dose control during optimization. This study is the first to compare standard optimization (SO) and MCO for accelerated pa...
Authors: Kin Yin Cheung, Chen-Yu Huang, Chi Wah Kong, Ka Ki Lau, Pei-Xiong Li, Pak Hang Nam, Mei Yan Tse, Jierong Wang, Bin Yang, Siu Ki Yu, Jing Yuan, Chi To Yung, Shang Peng Felix Yung
Affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Research Department, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Intrafraction motion management remains a major challenge in magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT). The recent clinical release of an active motion management system aims to enhance ...
Authors: Lining Chen, Zhitao Dai, Shumei Jia, Yajun Jia, Enzhuo Quan
Affiliation: Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital， Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
Abstract Preview: Purpose: This work reviewed 12 patient clinical LRT treatments in physics view including geometric and dosimetric parameters and discussed the pros and cons related to the latter.
Methods: Geometri...
Authors: Lian Duan, Stephen F. Kry, Hunter S. Mehrens, Christine Peterson, Paige A. Taylor
Affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To develop predictive models for IROC SRS head phantom audits and to identify important factors influencing institutional performance.
Methods: The IROC SRS head phantom includes two TLDs ...
Authors: Lakshmi Ananthakrishnan, Xinhui Duan, Liqiang Ren, Gary Xu, Kuan Zhang, Yue Zhang
Affiliation: Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Imaging Services, UT Southwestern Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Daily quality control (QC) programs for diagnostic CT include water CT number (HU), standard deviation (SD), and visual artifact evaluations. At our institution, 70 keV virtual monoenergetic ...
Authors: Mengqi Shen, Meghna Trivedi, Tony J.C. Wang, Andy (Yuanguang) Xu, Yading Yuan
Affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center, Dept of Med Hematology & Oncology, Data Science Institute at Columbia University, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: T2-weighted (T2w) images are critical for identifying pathological changes due to their superior contrast in differentiating tissue types. However, they often lack detailed anatomical resolut...
Authors: Wookjin Choi, Jun Li
Affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Resin Yttrium-90 (Y-90) selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is a radioembolization procedure which uses Y-90 microspheres to treat metastatic liver cancer. In the procedure, liver vol...
Authors: Yi-Fang Wang, Yading Yuan
Affiliation: Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: HyperSight, the latest CBCT technology from Varian Medical Systems, integrates rapid 6-second data acquisition with advanced iterative reconstruction and upgraded hardware. Previous studies h...
Authors: Xiaoyu Duan, Xinyu Hu, Runqiu Li, Xiang Li
Affiliation: Dukekunshan University, Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Accurate detection of small-sized microcalcifications (μCalcs) (< 500 µm) is critical for early breast cancer diagnosis, requiring optimal imaging systems and reconstruction algorithms. Ho...
Authors: Xinhui Duan, Vivek Nair, Liqiang Ren, KyuHo Song, Vasantha Vasan, Kuan Zhang, Yue Zhang
Affiliation: Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Minimizing radiation dose is crucial in CT colonography (CTC) screening and diagnosis. Tin (Sn) prefiltration is readily incorporated into clinical photon-counting CT (PCCT) scanners, yet its...
Authors: Kuan Ling Chen, Jiajin Fan, Maduka M. Kaluarachchi, Wei Nie
Affiliation: Inova Schar Cancer Institute
Abstract Preview: Purpose: This study evaluates the impact of CBCT acquisition speed on the accuracy of moving target alignment during image-guided radiotherapy. Additionally, the influence of target motion speed and r...
Authors: Sabrina Campelo, Sandun Y. Jayarathna, Adam D. Melancon, Paige L. Nitsch, Christopher Ryan Peeler, Julianne M. Pollard-Larkin, Ramaswamy Sadagopan, Xiaochun Wang, George Zhao
Affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Development of an in-house analytical simulation for streamlining photon counting detector (PCD) system protocols through measuring transmitted photon energy spectra through a Hafnium (Hf)-lo...
Authors: Jianrong Dai, Jun Dang, Enzhuo Quan, Yong Sang, Jianan Wu
Affiliation: Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, National Cancer Center / National Clinical Research Center for Cancer / Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
Abstract Preview: Purpose: The current conformity index (CI) formula is distorted for radiotherapy plans with multiple, non-enclosing targets. We redefined the volume of reference isodose (VTV) parameter in the CI form...
Authors: Cheng-Chieh Cheng, Jeffrey P Guenette, Yajun Li, Bruno Madore, Lei Qin
Affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Sun Yat-sen University, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Pilot tone (PT), a compact RF sensor, has been integrated into clinical practice for motion detection. Prior studies proposed mapping PT signals to head positions using a calibration step tha...
Authors: Drexell Hunter Boggs, Carlos E. Cardenas, Jingwei Duan, Joseph Harms, Joel A. Pogue, Richard A. Popple, Courtney Bosse Stanley, Dennis N. Stanley, Sean Xavier Sullivan, Natalie N. Viscariello
Affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Abstract Preview: Purpose: CBCT-guided online adaptive radiation therapy (OART) with Ethos for stereotactic accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) can mitigate inter-fraction variation, leading to dosimetric adv...
Authors: Emily Y. Hirata, Xiaoyu Sherry Liu, Evan Porter, Manju Sharma
Affiliation: University of California San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, University of California
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Introduced in 2018, the Varian Halcyon platform has increased in popularity due to its reduced cost, user-friendly design, and operational efficiency. As this platform ages, major repairs, in...
Authors: Minbin Chen, Xiaoyi Dai, Xiaoyu Duan, Chunhao Wang, Fan Xia, Zhenyu Yang, Fang-Fang Yin, Chulong Zhang, Rihui Zhang
Affiliation: Duke University, Duke Kunshan University, Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Deep learning (DL)-based mammography diagnosis presents unique challenges, as accurate interpretation requires both global breast condition analysis and local lesion structural information. E...
Authors: Omar Awad, Alfredo Enrique Echeverria, Issam M. El Naqa, Daniel Allan Hamstra, Yiding Han, Ryan Lafratta, Abdallah Sherif Radwan Mohamed, Piyush Pathak, Zaid Ali Siddiqui, Baozhou Sun, Vincent Ugarte
Affiliation: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Harris Health, Baylor College of Medicine
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Accurate detection and segmentation of brain metastases are critical for diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up imaging but are challenging due to labor-intensive manual assessments ...
Authors: Davide Brivio, Erno Sajo, Ryan Williams, Piotr Zygmanski
Affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To develop a non-invasive 3D in-vivo dosimetry tool exploring the relationship between positron annihilations and dose per voxel using Monte Carlo simulation. The Positron Guided Radiation Th...
Authors: Zong Fan, Fan Lam, Hua Li, Rita Huan-Ting Peng, Yuan Yang
Affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Accurate lesion segmentation in MRI is critical for early diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring disease progression in various neurological disorders. Cross-site MRI data can alleviat...
Authors: Emily Hansen, Alois M. Ndlovu, Niara Rowe, Roland Teboh
Affiliation: Hackensack University Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: The accuracy of SCINTIX biology-guided radiotherapy (BgRT) on the RefleXion X1 is dependent on the correct alignment of the isocenter between all subsystems, including setup lasers, kV imagin...
Authors: Shusen Jing, Qihui Lyu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng, Qifan Xu
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Metallic implants can significantly distort sinograms, leading to severe artifacts in computed tomography (CT) reconstructions. Reconstructing CT images containing metal is fundamentally an i...
Authors: Afrouz Ataei, Xinhui Duan, Mi-Ae Park, Liqiang Ren
Affiliation: Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Rush University
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
Photon-counting CT (PCCT) has become commercially available recently, offering significant potential to enhance patient care. However, it also introduces unique challenges. One such challe...
Authors: Stephen R. Bowen, Chunyan Duan, Daniel S. Hippe, Qiantuo Liu, Jiajie Wang, Shouyi Wang, Faisal Yaseen, Han Zhou
Affiliation: Tongji University, University of Washington, Department of Radiation Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Texas at Arlington
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Predicting the effects of the spatial-temporal tumor response to chemoradiation can assist in adjusting radiation dose and support clinical decision-making in radiotherapy. A multi-instance l...
Authors: Qihui Lyu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng, Jingjie Yu
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
Abstract Preview: Purpose: The robotic arm radiotherapy platform enables flexible delivery of non-coplanar and non-isocentric radiotherapy with variable Source-to-Isocenter Distances (SIDs). However, the high degrees o...
Authors: Yeona Cho, Chloe Min Seo Choi, Joseph O. Deasy, Jue Jiang, Jihun Kim, Jin Sung Kim, Nikhil Mankuzhy, Aneesh Rangnekar, Andreas Rimner, Maria Thor, Harini Veeraraghavan, Abraham Wu
Affiliation: University of Freibrug, Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Yonsei University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: We hypothesized that combining clinical, imaging, and radiotherapy dose-distribution features could increase predictive model accuracy in radiation-induced severe acute esophagitis (SAE) in e...
Authors: Houssam Abou Mourad, Christopher Ackerman, Stephen Adler, Kirk Aduddell, Muhammad K. Afghan, Hamid G. Aghdam, Diego Aguilar, Kang-Hyun Ahn, Francis Ai, Hua Ai, Ray Anthony Aikens, Manik Aima, Victoria Ainsworth, Erfan Akbari, Blessing Akinro, Rani Al-Senan, Khalid Alabbasi, Sam Alam, Daniel Alexander, Mohammed H. Aljallad, Mazin T. Alkhafaji, Ahmad K. Alkhatib, Scott J. Alleman, James Logan Allen, Ibtisam Almajnooni, Tiba Alnaqshabandi, Murat Alp, Stephen J. Amadon, Riska Amilia, Ala Amini, Shiho Amster, Mason R. Anders, Erin Angel, Ledi Anggara, John A. Antolak, Debora Antonio, Felicity Appiah, Haiqa Arain, Lahcen Arhjoul, Ali V. Aritkan, Muhammad Arshad, Mark E. Artz, Nathan S. Artz, Frank A Ascoli, John R. Ashburn, Benjamin Astarita, Masakazu Atsumi, Rex G. Ayers, Tara M. Bachman, Nina L. Bahar, Bing Bai, Michael J. Bailey, Chris Baird, Mohammad Bakhtiari, Andrew J. Ballesio, Isabel Balvoa, Qinan Bao, Jeffrey J. Barbarits, Joseph Barbiere, Philip C. Bardos, Gary T. Barnes, John C. Barrett, Divya Bartley, Steven J. Bartolac, Robert Barton, Christopher P. Bass, Loni Bates, Alan Baydush, John E. Bayouth, Stephen Beach, Kevin Beaudette, Kaelyn Becker, Natalie A. Beckmann, Colleen Beer, Sepideh Behinaein, Jake M. Bell, David M. Bellezza, Maria R. Bellon, Ahmed Benelfassi, Stephanie Louise Bennett, Todd Bernath, Kate Bevins, Nicholas B. Bevins, Brian J. Bismack, David Blaich, Anthony P. Blatnica, Joseph W. Blickenstaff, Steven Blum, Maggie Bobbett, Dayna Bodensteiner, Daniel Boedeker, Robert C. Boggs, Jason D. Bond, Sjirk N. Boon, Jennifer M. Borsavage, Ryan J. Bosca-Harasim, Ryan J. Bosca-Harasim, Satya R. Bose, Todd Bossenberger, Cristina Boswell, Djamal Boukerroui, Christopher M. Bowen, Aaron Brammer, Rich Brancaleoone, Eric Brass, Luis Bravo, William Breeden, Christina Breeze, Eric E. Brost, Justin L. Brown, Karen L. Brown, Marissa Brown, Norman Lee Brown, Payton Brown, Patrick V. Brunick, Ryan Brunkhorst, Gwendolyn P. Brunner, Camelia E. Bunaciu, Maria Bunta, Olwen Burton, Karim Butalag, Priscilla F. Butler, Angela Cagwin, Jeffrey L. Campbell, Warren G. Campbell, Tyler Cantrell, Xu Cao, Yanan Cao, Peter F. Caracappa, Amanda M. Caringi, Joe Caron, Joshua Carter, Kenneth W. Cashon, Sarah Castillo, Everett Cavanaugh, Suran Chae, Abhi Chakrabarti, PhD, Philip Chan, Jina Chang, Sha X. Chang, Youssef M. Charara, Pierre E. Charpentier, Priyanka Chaudhary, Senthamil Selvan Chelliah, Chen Chen, Doris Chen, Kuan Ling Chen, Max Chen, Mingyue Chen, Mu Chen, Xinan Chen, Yie Chen, Yong Chen, Caroline Cheney, Shyh-Shi R. Chern, Stephen Thomas Chesser, Kin Man Cheung, Pai-Chun Melinda Chi, Yuwei Chi, Omar Chibani, Hung Ching, Gwi Ae Cho, Jongmin Cho, David Choi, Wing Yan Choi, Nitish Chopra, Daniel Christ, Olav I. Christianson, Emmanuel Christodoulou, Heeteak Chung, Sophia Claudio, Arely Clavel, William J. Clouse, Gilad Cohen, Michael S. Cohen, Vladimir Collantes, Jason Collier, Jacob Collins, Daria C. Comsa, Charles Conduah, Virgil N. Cooper, Anita M. Corrao, Frank D. Corwin, Mihaela Cosma, Ben Coull-Neveu, Mary K. Cox, Daniel F. Craft, Steven D. Crawford, Troy M. Crawford, Charles E. Creagh, Beatrice Croteau, Camille Crumbley, Wilbert F. Cruz, Guoqiang Cui, J. Adam M. Cunha, Scott Cupp, Bruce H. Curran, Jordan McCauley Cutsinger, Alita D Almeida, Harold DSouza, Nana Dabo-Akoteng, Robert Dahl, Shaun W. Dahl, Ghayath Dakkouri, Malek Daneshvarnezhad, Mylinh Dang, Matt Daniels, George M. Daskalov, David A. Davenport, Amanda Davidek, Scott E. Davidson, Maria De Ornelas, Dylan A. DeAngelis, Mike Deady, Daniel Dean, Savannah Decker, Savannah Decker, Michael Delafuente, Omer Demirkaya, Logan Dempsey, Marc Dennis, Viv Dennis, Dana Derby, Garron A. Deshazer, Veronique Destombes, Ajaya K. Devabhaktuni, Suneetha Devpura, James A. Deye, Shalmali Dharmadhikari, Dominic J. DiCostanzo, Richard V. DiPietro, Emily Diller, Lei Ding, Nayha V. Dixit, Charles Dodge, David N. Dodoo Amoo, Shana Donchatz, Lei Dong, Elangovan Doraisamy, Jennifer E. Dorand, Sarah Driver, Jiayi Du, Michael Duax, Ibrahim M. Duhaini, Ibrahim Duhaini, Kristen Duke, Richard Dunia, Leon Dunn, Shannon R. Durfee, Brittany Earl, Behzad Ebrahimi, Colton Eckert, Hisham Elasmar, John G. Eley, Abdelhamid Elfaham, David C. Ellerbusch, Scott J. Emerson, Sara Endo, David Erickson, Freddy Escorcia, Caroline Esposito, Patrice Essien, Adam Evearitt, Benjamin Fahimian, Liliosa C. Fajardo, Kevin Fallon, Guoqing Fan, Jiahua Fan, Mingdong Fan, Pei Fan, Bing Fang, Jian Fang, Yile Fang, Marc A. Felice, Ye Feng, Michele Sutton Ferenci, Philippe Feru, Jade Alecia Fischer, Aaron Fishbein, Caitlyn M. Fitzherbert, Damian Fondevila, Grant Fong, Robert Wesley Foster, Luke Fourie, Jeffrey Brian Fowlkes, Alexandre Franca Velo, D. Jay Freedman, Ronald W. Frick, Jie Fu, Samuel Fulton, Kamalakar Gaddam, Justin D. Gagneur, Mariana Gallo, Mariana Gallo, David Gammel, Robert G. Gandy, Junfang Gao, Yiming Gao, Victor L. Garcia, Michael Garcia-Alcoser, Jeffrey Garrett, Steven Anthony Gasiecki, Keith Gatermann, Avinash Gautam, Bhoj Gautam, Olivier Gayou, Andrew J. Gearhart, Paul B. Geis, Renil B. George, David P. Gierga, Robert Gilliam, James Giltz, Eric L. Gingold, Frederic Girard, Garth Gladfelder, Sharon Glaze, Brendan K. Glennon, Steven P. Glennon, Guy Godwin, David Lloyd Goff, Lisa M. Goggin, Daniel Goldberg-Zimring, Edward Joseph Goldschmidt, Ehsan Golkar, Angel Gomez, Jason Gong, Manish K. Goyal, Frank Graeff, Royce L. Gragg, Jonathan Gray, Alexander D. Green, Olga L. Green, Andrew Christopher Greene, Travis Greene, Jared Grice, Kevin T. Grizzard, Suveena Guglani, Jeffrey B. Guild, Patrick P. Guo, Sandesh Gupta, Megan Gute, Jonathan Ha, Rachael L. Hachadorian, Christopher Haddad, Lubomir Hadjiiski, Scott W. Hadley, Tomoe Hagio, Kelsey Hall, Logan P. Hall, Klaus A. Hamacher, Amineh Hamad Khatib, Amineh O. Hamad Khatib, Brian R. Hames, Carnell Hampton, Samuel S. Hancock, Robyn S. Handschuh, Jeremy Hansen, Paul Harden, Joseph Harms, Daniel P. Harrington, Carley Harris, Jamie Marie Harris, Jennifer Hart, Richard P. Harvey, Jeremy Hawk, Naoki Hayashi, Maria Laura Haye, Katherine Hazelwood, David Hearshen, Bret H. Heintz, Adam Henry, Frank William Hensley, Michael Chris Hermansen, Marissa Hernandez, Nadia Hernandez, Dayadna Hernandez Perez, Sarah Hetherington, Emily Hewson, Maynard High, Brian P. Hill, Charles B. Hill, Yunsil Ho, Simeon Hodges, David M. Hoeprich, Michael N. Hoff, Robert F. Hoffman, Russell Holden, Clay Holdsworth, Scott Hollingsworth, John R. Holmes, Steve Holmes, Neal S. Holter, Thomas M. Holtschneider, Amirul Hoque, Sabbir Hossain, Tyler S. Howlin, Andrew Robert Hoy, An Ting Hsia, Hao-Yun Hsu, David Hu, Tom C. Hu, Yu-Chi Hu, Long Huang, Mi Huang, Joshua Hubbell, Michael J. Huberts, Julie C. Hudson, Geoffrey Hugo, Donglai Huo, Justin D. Hurley, Martina H. Hurwitz, Mohammad NASEEM Hussain, Andrew Hwang, Ui-Jung Hwang, Joe Ianni, Geoffrey Ibbott, Khalil Ibrahim, Ileana Iftimia, Mohammad Islam, Oleksandra Ivashchenko, Keyvan Jabbari, Joshua Jackson, Joshua Jackson, Ferenc Jacso, Mary Ellen Jafari, Karim Jaffer, Amit Jain, Ngoneh Jallow, Sachin R. Jambawalikar, Joshua A. James, Sunyoung Jang, Desiree Jangha, Tomaj Javidtash, Jun-Hsuang Jen, Peter Jenkins, Todd P. Jenkins, Andrew R. Jensen, Mads Lykke Jensen, Hosang Jin, Bowen Jing, Danielle Marie Johnson, Joshua D. Johnson, Holly Johnston, Kevin Jones, Badal R. Juneja, Nikhil Sriram Kabilan, Robert Kaderka, Jaclyn Kain, Faraz Kalantari, Maduka M. Kaluarachchi, Ali Kamen, Amrit Kaphle, Alireza Kassaee, Saravjeet Kaur, Vaiva Kaveckyte, Linda A. Kelley, Katelyn Kelly, Kathryn Elise Bales Kelly, Delsin B. Khan, Om Khanal, Maksud Khatri, William Steadman Kiger, Bryan Kim, Jong Oh Kim, Sangroh Kim, Sophia Kim, Brian W. King, Erica Kinsey, Assen S. Kirov, Marc T. Kleiman, Matic Knap, Robert J. Kobistek, Inger-Karine Kolkman-Deurloo, Erika Kathryn Kollitz, Dramane Konate, Xiang Kong, Walter Kopecky, Sandra Kos, Nataliya Kovalchuk, Shane Krafft, James A. Kraus, Robert Krauss, Deae-eddine Krim, Serguei Kriminski, Kerry T. Krugh, Lichung Ku, Esra Kucukmokroc, Randi Kudner, Andrew T. Kuhls-Gilcrist, Antti Juhani Kulmala, Akila D. Kumarasiri, Zacariah E. Labby, Taylor Lackey, Edcer Jerecho Laguda, Thang Lam, Michael A. S. Lamba, Kara Lambson, Laurel Zenaida Larramendi, Andy D. Lau, Wolfram Laub, Tyler Laugh, Robert P. Laureckas, Donald Laury, Patricia Lavey, Ashlie Laydon, Adam LeVay, Brandon Lee, Brian Lee, Dong-Chang Lee, Ji Hyun Lee, Jui-Min Lee, Bryan Lemieux, Matthew Lesher, Nicole Leslie, Etienne Lessard, Trish Lewis, Alan Li, Alexander N. Li, Hui Li, Jenny Li, Jiaxin Li, Qiongge Li, Taoran Li, Xiang Li, Yanlong Li, Zisheng Li, Xing Liang, Yun Liang, Chien-Yi Liao, Karisa Liaw, Sung-Yen Lin, Tiffany Lin, Holly M. Lincoln, Lin Ling, Chang Liu, Shaohua Liu, Yu Liu, Chih-Ming Mark Lo, Eric Lobb, Dilson Lobo, Virginia L. Lockamy, Lauren C. Long, Nelia S. Long, Troy Long, Michele Loscocco, Thomas Lowinger, Cynthia Lu, Minghui Lu, Winnie Lu, Yonggang Lu, Jianqiao Luo, Pei-Chin Luo, Xuhan Luo, Jan Luse, Daniel A. Lutterman, Dang Hoang Oanh Luu, Yulia Lyatskaya, Trina Lynd, Morgan Cervo Lyon, Chi Ma, Jingfei Ma, Tianjun Ma, Laurie Madden, Gregory E. Madison, Kurt Maffei, Michael J. Maffett, Nyasha G. Maforo, Dennise Magill, Emma Magness, Alphonso W. Magri, Dennis Mah, Usman Mahmood, Rebecca N. Mahon, Courage Mahuvava, Andrew D. Maidment, Gerassimos M. Makrigiorgos, Harish K. Malhotra, Kate Mallory, P. Scott Mange, Vivek Maradia, Jacob Marasco, Camilla Marino, Loren R. Marous, Wagner Marques, Craig M. Marsden, Edward I. Marshall, Jonathan Marshall, Caroline Martel, Colin Martin, Alejandro Martinez, Jeffrey P. Masten, Richard Mathew, Bobby Mathews, Anetia S. Matthews Jackson, Matthew R. Maynard, Joel R. McAllister, Rafe McBeth, James A. McCulloch, Kiernan T. McCullough, Keelin McGee, Kiaran P. McGee, Brian M. McGill, Christopher M. McGuinness, Robert McKoy, Steven M. McQuiggan, Lacey Medlock, Chirag D. Mehta, Nancy Meiler, Robert Meiler, Matthew A. Meineke, Caroline Melancon, Daniel S. Meleason, Carolyn Meltzer, Chunhua Men, Stephanie Merkl, Michael Merrick, Keith A. Michel, Georgeta Mihai, Ana Mihail, Devin A. Miles, Edward J. Miller, Elizabeth A. Miller, Ronaldo Minniti, Linda Minor, Filmon Misgina, Ajeet Kumar Mishra, Chad Mitchell, Drew P. Mitchell, Gregory S. Mitchell, Jessica Mitchell, Jacqueline Moga, Uwe Mollenhauer, Julien-Fabrice Ngoune Momo, Emi Mondragon, Nicholas Mongillo, Victor J. Montemayor, Scott Montgomery, Diego Luis Montufar Hidalgo, Mohammadamin Moradi, Serban Morcovescu, Jill Anna Moreau, Terrance Moretti, Toby Morris, Courtney K. Morrison, Alexander Albert Morrow, Jill Moton, Jonathon Mueller, Reshma Munbodh, Daniel W. Mundy, Daniela Murgulet, Scott A. Murphy, Benjamin C. Musall, Jana E. Musgrove, Samantha Musial, Yong Hum Na, Joel Nace, Paul Naine, Justin Napolitano, Vrinda Narayana, Ganesh Narayanasamy, Moulay Ali Nassiri, Muhammad Naveed, Richard D. Nawfel, Ritish Nedunoori, Aaron Nelson, Kristin J. Nelson, Aaron Nelson, MD, Neerajan Nepal, Emily Neubauer Sugar, Shree Neupane, David Newey, Mark Newpower, Susan Ng, Bau H. Nguyen, Daniel J. Nicewonger, Xingyu Nie, Ethan Nikolau, Kevin D. Nitzling, Kai Niu, John M. Noll, Prashanth K. Nookala, Khalid Noori, James T. Norweck, Hamidreza Nourzadeh, Jessica L. Nute, Sebastiaan Nysten, Kevin OGrady, Ceferino Obcemea, Keith Ober, Jacqueline Ogburn, Timilehin Ogunbeku, Mina Okello, Brian Olson, Martin Keane Ongeti, Savannah Orrill, Joseph Ott, Bahadir Ozus, Jan Pachon, Alexis Paige-Glenn, Jason Paisley, Farideh Pak, Randahl C. Palmer, Kiran Pant, Virginia Pappas, Abby Pardes, So-Yeon Park, Alexis Parker, Karla Parker, Homayon Parsai, Tommy O. Parsons, Pankaj Patel, Amy Patrick, Johnlly G. Pattaserial, Lindsey M. Patton, Taylor J. Patton, Nava R. Paudel, Timothy John Paul, Colin Paulbeck, Olga V. Pen, Cheng Peng, Yuanlin Peng, Carmelo Perez, Dominik Peruško, Alexander Pevsner, Douglas Pfeiffer, Melanie Piantino, Daniel Piatigorski, Rajesh Pidikiti, Natalie Piechowska, Greg Pierce, Tina Pike, Donika Plyku, Robert Pohlman, Mariela Adelaida Porras-Chaverri, Subechhya Pradhan, Guillem Pratx, Chris Proctor, Alexander Pryanichnikov, Diane Pugel, Yue Qiu, Adam C. Quinton, Todd Racine, Andrea Radine, Dustin K. Ragan, Balasubramanian Rajagopalan, Kishore Rajendran, Eric V. Ramirez, Mehdi Ramshad, Vijay K. Rana, Brianne Raulston, Amy K. Readshaw, Hailey Reaux, Ian Reineck, Xuemin Ren, Meral L. Reyhan, Davenport Ria, Matthew J. Riblett, Kenneth M. Richardson, Rebecca F Richardson, Matthew Richeson, Ashlyn Rickard, Adam Riegel, Lynn N. Rill, Miguel A. Rios, E. Russell Ritenour, Scott P. Robertson, Marthony L. Robins, Rebecca Robinson Rey, Steve Rodney, Priscila Rodrigues, Edgardo Rodriguez, Tino Romaguera, Emilie Roncali, Joseph E. Roring, Alison R. Roth, Lawrence N. Rothenberg, Nick Rothwein, Kricia Emilia Ruano Espinoza, Damian DG Rudder, Donald R. Ruegsegger, Erwin W. Ruff, Brandon J. Russell, Frederick Rustad, Narayan Sahoo, Jonathan H. Saleeby, Habeeb H. Saleh, Flavio Salinas Aranda, Steffen Sammet, Daniel Sandoval, Aman Sangal, Joseph P. Santoro, Maíra Santos, Alexis Marie Sanwick, Milind Sardesai, Vikren Sarkar, Duminda Satharasinghe, Jessica L. Saunders, Carmen Sawyers, Sarah B. Scarboro, James Scheuermann, Colleen G. Schinkel, Dale Schippers, Joshua William Schlegel, David J. Schlesinger, Charles Ross Schmidtlein, Erich Schmitz, Jose Schneider, Erich A. Schnell, Lisa Schober, Leah Schubert, Michelle L. Schwer, James Seekamp, Jennifer Seger-Paisley, J. Anthony Seibert, Balaji Selvaraj, Raj N. Selvaraj, Meredith A. Semon-Pomposelli, Lasitha Senadheera, Naima Senhou, Christopher F. Serago, Hananiel Setiawan, Shakil B. Shafique, Aarti Shah, Hina Shah, Alok Shankar, Ryan Shanks, Kritika Sharma, Sunil K. Sharma, Jennifer M. Shealy, Ron Sheen, Gina L. Shelton, Mohammad Ullah Shemanto, Zion Sheng, Andrew J. Shepard, Justin R. Sherman, Kaizhong Shi, Xiaolin Shi, J. Allen Shih, Taciana Soares Shiue, Deborah J. Shumaker, Noah Silverberg, Ramon Alfredo C. Siochi, Amogh Sirniirkar, Marlene Skopec, Michael G. Skowronski, Dana Smetherman, Erika Smith, Eileen Sneeden, Jesse Snyder, James C. So, Emilie Soisson, Nima Soltani, Kwang Hyun Song, Liang Song, Xiaoling Song, Jigar B. Soni, Yashvant C. Soni, Jagadeesh R. Sonnad, Michael A. Speidel, Michael P. Speiser, James D. Speitel, Tanya Spellman, Joseph Patrick Speth, Daniel J. Spitznagel, Sara T. St. James, Alexander Stanforth, George Starkschall, James Stebelton, James P. Steinman, Jonathan M. Stenbeck, Robin L. Stern, Patrick D. Stevens, Erika Stewart, Gary Stinnett, Sarah A. Strand, Keith J. Strauss, Kristen Stryker, Edward Sudentas, Kevinraj N. Sukumar, Orhan H. Suleiman, John L. Sullivan, Paul Robert Sullivan, Mei Sun, Peng Sun, Kumari Sunidhi, Jacob Sunnerberg, Elizabeth A. Swanson, William J. Swanson, Larry E. Sweeney, Sean Swiedom, Gregory Szalkowski, Katsuyuki Taguchi, MohammadAli Tajik-Mansoury, Reza Taleei, Derek Tang, Shengzhang Tang, Mahin Tariq, Jason S. Tavel, Neelima Tellapragada, Alexandra Tellez, Dawn Tellez, Juan Manuel Tellez, Xiaokun Teng, James A. Terry, Biniam Tesfamicael, Confex Test, Aapm Tester, Contex Tester, Namita Thakur, David J. Theel, Kathleen D. Thomas, Emily A. Thompson, Stephen K. Thompson, Daniela Thorwarth, Kevin Tierney, Anders Tingberg, Ragu S. Tirukonda, Robert A. Tokarz, Robert J. Tokarz, Naresh B. Tolani, Brian Tom, Shidong Tong, Ebrahim Torangan, Martin Tornai, Diana Tovmasian, Trung Tran, Bryan Traughber, Samuel Trichter, Sugata Tripathi, Petra Trnkova, Panagiotis Tsiamas, Ryan Tsiao, Haifeng Tu, Philip N Tubiolo, Jeff D. Turley, Adam Turner, PhD, DABR, Conner Ubert, Chibueze Zimuzo Uche, Vincent M. Ulizio, Gnanaprakasam Vadivelu, Hema Vaithianathan, Sunil Valaparla, Fabiola Vallejo Castañeda, Liesbeth Vancoillie, Matt Vanderhoek, Caroline Vanderstraeten, Nancy J. Vazquez, Linda A. Veldkamp, Trevor L. Vent, Anthony M. Ventura, Keith Ver Steeg, Irina Vergalasova, CHENG WANG, Christopher Waite-Jones, Matthew C. Walb, Reuben Waldron, Arlie Vester Walker, Jim Walsh, Alisa I. Walz-Flannigan, Cheng Wang, Helen H. Wang, Hui-Chuan Wang, Jiali Wang, Jian-xiong Wang, Kai Wang, Kyle Wang, Ning Wang, Yuntao Wang, Zhendong Wang, Zhixing Wang, Grace Ward, Sarah M. Way, Rachel L. Waymire, Melvin Weatherly, Charles Travis Webb, Lincoln J. Webb, Jia Wei, Wenbo Wei, Callie Weiant, Miriam S. Weiser, Eric M. Welch, Jered R Wells, Michelle C. Wells, S. Brock Westlund, Gerald A. White, John White, Darunee S. Whitt, David Wikler, Austin Wilkinson, Carly D. Williams, Mark Bennett Williams, Joshua M. Wilson, Keli C. Wilson, Nicholai Wingreen, Joseph Wishart, Alon Witztum, Katherine M. Woch Naheedy, Andy Wolf, Serkalem E. Wondimgezhu, Genevieve N. Wu, Wenhao Wu, Ye Wu, Yuxiang Xing, Li Xiong, Weijun Xiong, Xunyi Xu, Yan Xu, Tianyou Xue, Yanjie Xue, Girijesh K. Yadava, Derek Z. Yaldo, Kaiguo Yan, Yue Yan, Nathan E. Yanasak, Bowen Yang, Ray Yang, Xiaocheng Yang, Yun Yang, Yunze Yang, Bin Yao, Yuan (John) Yao, Anna N Yaroslavsky, Feng-Ju Yeh, Susanne Yerich, Michael V. Yester, Xiaofei Ying, Tekeste Yohannis, Tony Younes, Eyesha Younus, Jialu Yu, Justin Yu, Yan Yu, Pui Kuen Yuen, Joshua P. Yung, Steve Yuvan, Mehran Miron Zaini, Ramtin Zakikhani, Lee Anne Zarger, Merissa Zeman, Lisa Zent, Di Zhang, Dongqing Zhang, Hao Zhang, Jun Zhang, Lei Zhang, Lu Zhang, Maochen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Peng Zhang, Qingyun Zhang, Xin Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yinghui Zhang, Yongbin Zhang, Zhongwei Zhang, Bo Zhao, Xuandong Zhao, Yizhou Zhao, Weiping Zheng, Yi Zheng, Troy Zhou, Xiangzhi Zhou, Xiaohong Joe Zhou, Yuwei Zhou, Jin Zhu, Mingyao Zhu, Eric C. Zickgraf, John R. Zullo, Piotr Zygmanski, Leo van Battum
Affiliation: DTC Consultants, NL Health, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, ProCure Proton Therapy Center, Medical & Radiation Physics, Inc, Augusta University, Genesis Healthcare Partners, Michigan Medicine, Washington DC VA Medical Center, VA Medical Center, Mercy Southeast Hospital, Food And Drug Administration, University of Iowa, Advanced Radiation Physics Service, Inc, University of Pittsburgh, University of Wisconsin, Wellspan Health, Good Samaritan Hospital, Howard University Hospital, St. Mary's Memorial Health Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Med Ctr., New York Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, X-Ray Computations, Inc., US Navy, Penn State Health, Kelsey Seybold Clinic, Advocate Aurora, Fresno Cancer Center, Central Alabama Radiation Oncology, Riverside Methodist Hospital Ohio Health, Alliance Medical Physics, OCSRI, AAPM, University of Minnesota, University of Virginia Health System, PGIMER, Barrigel, Johns Hopkins Univ, Appex Physics Partners, BoxElder Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Sanford Roger Maris Cancer Center, Berkshire Medical Center, New York Weill Cornell Medicine, Mobimed Technologies, University of Chicago Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Nuvance Health - Vassar Brothers, Crozer Keystone Health System, Karmanos/McLaren, Vanderbilt University, Panhandle Cancer Care Center, The University of Michigan, Piedmont Healthcare, Gamma Medical Physics LLC, Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, Astarita Associates Inc, Landauer Medical Physics, RPS Oncology, Zhejiang University, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Peninsula Regional Medical Center, Varian Advanced Oncology Solutions, New York Proton Center, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Tx Oncology, Lewis Hall Singletary Oncology Center (John D. Archbold Hospital), Medical Physics Services, University of New Mexico, UPMC Cancer Center, Medical Physics Solutions, LLC, ECU Health, Evercare Hospital Chattogram, Mercy Cancer Center, Sharp Grossmont Hospital, West Virginia University, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Centennial Medical Physics, LLC, University of California, Davis, University of Miami, Varian, Inc., UAB Medical Center, Wellspan health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Procure Treatment Center, Retired FDA, Tufts Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Germantown Academy, Hartford Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Billings Clinic, Imalogix, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, GenensisCare, VARIAN Siemens Healthineers, MedStar Washington Hospital, Illawarra Cancer Care Center, Duke Health, Corewell Health, Columbia University, Johns Hopkins, Baylor Scott & White Health, Ascension Saint Thomas Rutherford Hospital, Varian, a Siemens Healthineers company, Rabin Medical Center, Albany - Stratton VA, Florida Cancer Specialists at Tampa Cancer Center, Baylor St Lukes Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Christiana Care Health System, West Physics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Emory University, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, UCLA, CoxHealth, Starsino Medical Technologies Co Ltd, University of Utah Hospitals, Lahey Health Medical Center, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Karmanos Cancer Institute, Radcom Associates, LLC, Ascension Wisconsin, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Winter Park Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, UT Health San Antonio, Intermountain Health, Penn Medicine/Lancaster General Health, Elekta Xoft, University of KY HealthCare, Rutgers, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Real Time Tomography LLC, Toronto Metropolitan University, UCSD, Dartmouth College, Ascension St. Thomas Rutherford hospital, City of Hope, Radiation Management Associates, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Varian Medical Systems, Blount Memorial Hospital, Penn State University, Therapy Physics, Inc., Northwest Community Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Advent Health, Miami Cancer Institute, Washington State Department of Health, Lantheus Medical Imaging, Chesapeake Potomac Regional Cancer Center, MRP Inc., University of Chicago, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Huntsman Cancer Institude, University of Utah, Oregon Health and Science University, Hutchinson Regional Medical Center, Winchester Medical Center, WellSpring Oncology, Medical School of East Carolina Univ, Weill Cornell Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Centers, Springfield Clinic, CaliberMRI, Inc., Prisma Health, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, ChristianaCare, Upstate Medical Physics, PC, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Radpocket LLC, RayzeBio, St. Peter's Health Partners, MJS Medical Physics Inc., UCHealth, Astarita Associates, Image X Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Oregon Urology Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, GenesisCare, Reid Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bayhealth Medical Center, Albany Medical College, Advocate Radiation Oncology, Rush, Krueger-Gilbert Health Physics, Sentara Healthcare, Accuray Incorporated, CTSI, RTI Group North America, University of Louisville, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, NCI, West Physics Consulting, LLC, Boston Children’s Hospital, CHOP, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Florida Cancer Specialist & Research Institute, Radformation, Texas Oncology South Austin Cancer Center, Mosaic Life Care Cancer Center, University of Virginia, CPDS, Ravenel Oncology Center, M Health Fairview, Torrance Memorial Medical Center, RJK Medical Physics, Inc., NYU Langone-Long Island, Trinity CancerCare Center, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Sanford Health, University of Michigan Health Systems, One Physics - Ohio Medical Physics Consulting, West Michigan Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Levine Cancer Institute/Atrium Health, Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, UConn Health, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Wayne State University, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Varian, Arizona Center for Cancer Care, NIH Clinical Center, Stanford University, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Peel Regional Cancer Center, Credit Valley Hospital, University of Alabama Birmingham, Lark Physics, Ackerman Cancer Center, Southern District Health Board, Milestone Medical Physics Group, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Rutgers University, West County Radiological Group, Mayo Clinic, Philips Healthcare, University of Vermont Medical Center, Novant Health at Presbyterian Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Ratio Therapeutics, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, University Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Sutter Santa Cruz Radiation Oncology, Radiophysics Associates, Northside Hospital, SolutionHealth, University of Virginia Health Systems, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Austin Health, UPMC, St. Joseph Mercy Health System, Cancer Center of Hawaii, Centra Health, Aspekt Solutions, Winter Haven Hospital, Henry Ford Hospital System, Medical University of South Carolina, Maine Medical Center, Phoenixville Hospital, National Institutes of Health, Associated Medical Professionals, Gundersen Health System, St. Luke's University Health Network, Univesity of Victoria, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Queen's Medical Center, West O'ahu, Canon Medical Research USA, Inc., Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, UVA Health System, Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Centennial Medical Physics, McLaren Cancer Institute, Cancer Care Group, Texas Oncology-Tyler, CTSI Oncology Practice Solutions, a varian company, Bank of Cyprus Oncology Centre, Columbus Regional Hospital, Central Florida Cancer Insititute, Texas Oncology - San Antonio, The Ohio State University, Stony Brook University, Greenwich Hospital, INOVA Schar Cancer Institute, Marsden Medical Physics Associates, Allegheny Health Network, Geisinger Health System, University of Maryland Medical System, Texas Oncology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, TrueNorth Medical Physics, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, Martin Memorial Medical Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, ASR Institute for Cancer Care, Research & Rehabilitation, University of Louisville Brown Cancer Center, Jaeger Corporation, UC San Francisco, Inova Hospital at Fairfax, Upstate Medical Physics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Brown University Health, Texas Oncology-Denton, Assarian Cancer Center, HCA Healthcare, San Diego State University, Cooper University HealthCare, LVeldkamp MedPhys Services, LLC, Morristown Medical Center, Atlantic Health System, OMPC Therapy, LLC & OMPC Diagnostic, LLC, Defense Health Agency, Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Bellflower Medical Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Victoria, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, Siemens Healthineers, Monmouth Medical Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Ironwood Cancer & Research Centers, University of Cincinnati, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, University of Kentucky/UK HealthCare, University of California, San Francisco, Instituto Nacional do Cancer, Brazil, IBA Dosimetry GmbH, Westchester Medical Center, Ohio State Univ, Houston Methodist, Medical College of Wisconsin, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, DFCI/BWCC south shore, Providence Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Lynn Cancer Institute - Radiation Oncology, Renown Health, Purdue Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, OhioHealth, IBA Dosimetry, Memorial Hospital Gulfport, University of Florida, George Washington Univ, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Hubbard, Zickgraf, & Broadbent, Accuray Inc, UVRMC, MIM Software, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Mem. Sloan Kettering Cancer Ctr, UF Health Proton Therapy Institute, California Medical Physics, Inc., Henry Ford Health, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Saddleback Memorial Medical Center, Stony Brook University Medical Center, University of Pennslyvania, TOP Physics Consulting, Nuvance/Norwalk Hospital, Oregon Health & Science Univ, Brigham & Women's Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, McLaren – Greater Lansing, American Board of Radiology, Penn Medicine | Virtua Radiation Oncology, University of Tennessee, OneOncology, University of Colorado, Indiana University Medical Center, Stronach Regional Cancer Centre, Yale New Haven Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Emory Healthcare / Winship Cancer Institute, Cape Fear Valley Radiation Oncology, Northwell Health, Sutter Health, Virginia Mason Medical Center, MUSC Health- Florence Medical Center, Departement of Radiation Oncology, Curie Institute, Paris, University of Michigan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Radiology Inc., Cedars Sinai Hospital, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Duke University Health System, VA Hospital, DVA Medical Ctr., JFK Medical Center, Mount Sinai West, National Cancer Institute, Chung Nam National University Sejong Hospital, Indiana Univesity, AdventHealth Daytona Beach, Orlando Health, Clinical Research Institute HUS, Northwest Medical Physics Center, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Medicine, Kettering Health Network, Children's Mercy Kansas City, IBA, UMass Memorial Hospital, US Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Medical Group, The Queen's Health System, NewYork-Presbyterian, Miami Valley Hospital, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Piedmont Hospital, Accuray Inc., VARIAN - Advanced Oncology Solutions, GE Healthcare, Virtua Health, Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center, CARO/Montgomery Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, InterMountain Health Care, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Henry Ford Health System, Fluke Health Solutions, Texas Oncology, PA, Inova Alexandria Hospital, New Milford Hospital, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Radiation Therapy and Cancer Inst, Penn State College of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Unity of Oncologic Therapy S.A., Canon Medical Systems USA, Kaiser Permanente, Baptist Health Paducah, Salina Regional Health, Centre d'Oncologie de la Cote Basque, Minneapolis Radiation Oncology, Coastal Carolina Radiation Oncology, Saint Francis Hospital, Advocate Christ Medical Ctr, Universidad de Costa Rica, CAMP, Blessing Hospital, Texas Oncology Cancer Ctr, CommonSpirit Health, Navy Medical Forces Atlantic, Regions Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Methodist Hospital, Champlain Valley Physicians Hospital, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, OHSU, Promedica Health System, Arthur JE Child Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Rhode Island Hospital / Warren Alpert Medical, UPMC Pinnacle Health, Vassar Brothers Hospital, McLeod Regional Medical Center, RJ Tokarz MIRS, St. Francis Hospital, Astarita Associates, Inc., UC Davis Medical Center, Mount Nittany Medical Center, Covenant Radiation Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, AdventHealth Orlando, St Helena Hospital, Icon Cancer Centre, University of Washington, Indiana University, TrueNorth Medical Physics LLC, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Harold Alfond Center for Cancer Care, MN Oncology, Jupiter Medical Center, GE HealthCare, Rochester General Hospital, Piedmont Health, Atrium Health, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, CentraCare Health System, OMPC Diagnostic LLC, Evergreen Health Medical Center, CAMC Cancer Center - Beckley, University of Kansas Medical Center, Avera McKennan, Cleveland Clinic, Louisiana Tech University
Abstract Preview: N/A...
Authors: Deng-Yuan Chang, Matthew L. Scarpelli
Affiliation: Purdue University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can be assessed by Ferumoxytol-MRI in breast cancer because they are negatively correlated with the prognosis of patient outcome. However, some studies hav...
Authors: Lian Duan, Stephen F. Kry, Hunter S. Mehrens, Paige A. Taylor
Affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To develop a machine learning model for predicting dose delivery accuracy and identifying its key factors in IROC’s proton phantom program.
Methods: IROC’s proton QA program has six proton...
Authors: Jingwei Duan
Affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham
Abstract Preview: N/A...
Authors: Ali Ammar, Quan Chen, Jingwei Duan, Yi Rong, Nathan Y. Yu, Libing Zhu
Affiliation: Mayo Clinic Arizona, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Clinical performance of deep learning-based auto-segmentation (DLAS) can degrade over time due to AI “aging” from unseen data input compared to the initial model training data. This study aim...
Authors: Julien Bancheri, Chau Giang Bui, David G Cooke, Christopher M Lund, Morgan J Maher, Jan P. Seuntjens, Jason Z Yuan
Affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre & University of Toronto, Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, University of Toronto, Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Department of Physics, McGill University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) offers a low-cost solution for proton therapy, using non-resonant waveguides to accelerate particles. Radial waveguides (RWGs), consisting of a dielectri...
Authors: Kuan Ling Chen, Jiajin Fan, Rao Khan, Robabeh Rahimi
Affiliation: University of Maryland, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Howard University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: This study evaluates the dose response, energy dependency, sensitivity, reproducibility, temporal response, and LET dependency along and in the plane perpendicular to a clinical proton beam f...
Authors: Rico Castillo, Katherine Gonzalez, Casey C. Heirman, Kyle J. Lafata, Xiang Li, Yvonne M Mowery, Yvonne M Mowery, Allison Pittman, Ashlyn G. Rickard, Breylon Riley
Affiliation: Duke University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, University of Pittsburgh
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To evaluate the relationships between quantitative imaging biomarkers and chemoradiation resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using preclinical mouse models.
Met...
Authors: Hania A. Al-Hallaq, Chih-Wei Chang, Anees H. Dhabaan, Yuan Gao, Shaoyan Pan, Junbo Peng, Richard L.J. Qiu, Keyur Shah, Sibo Tian, Zhen Tian, Xiaofeng Yang, David Yu, Jun Zhou
Affiliation: Emory University, Whinship Cancer Institute, Emory University, University of Chicago, Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Traditional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) often requires multiple angular projections, increasing radiation exposure and extending scanning times, which may lead to heightened patient ...
Authors: Mary Feng, Yi Lao, Hui Lin, Hengjie Liu, Xin Miao, Michael Ohliger
Affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc.
Abstract Preview: Purpose: 4D MRI with high spatiotemporal resolution is vital to characterize the tumor/tumor motion for liver radiotherapy. However, high-quality 4D MRI requires an impractically long scanning time fo...
Authors: Courtney R. Buckey, Quan Chen, Suzanne J. Chungbin, Edward L. Clouser, Yi Rong, Jun Tan, Jennifer Yan, Xiang Sheng Yan
Affiliation: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Clinic
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
To identify planning techniques that consistently result in robust VMAT-TBI plans that allow for larger patient setup errors.
Methods:
Conventional planning method often results in p...
Authors: Li-Sheng Geng, David Huang, Haoze Li, Xi Liu, Meng Wang, Tianyu Xiong, Ruijie Yang, Weifang Zhang, Meixin Zhao
Affiliation: School of Physics, Beihang University, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University
Abstract Preview: Purpose: This study aimed to develop a deep learning-based framework for simultaneously generating lung perfusion and ventilation images from three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) images.
M...
Authors: Hengjie Liu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng, DI Xu
Affiliation: Physics and Biology in Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles
Abstract Preview: Purpose:
State-of-the-art deep learning-based deformable image registration often uses large, complex models directly adapted from computer vision tasks but achieves only comparable performance to ...
Authors: Brian M. Anderson, Simon A. Brundage, Xuguang Scott Chen, Shiva K. Das, Felice Dong, Spencer Lynch, Panayiotis Mavroidis, Ryan Morse Morse, Heidi Urquidi
Affiliation: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina
Abstract Preview: Purpose: This study aims at correlating different dosimetric indices of nodal GTV with the regional recurrencies observed after head and neck radiotherapy. Also, to perform a tumor control probability...
Authors: Anthony R Bardwell, Dong Won Kim, Faith S Kim, Isaac Y Kim, Juying Zhang
Affiliation: Kaiser Permanente
Abstract Preview: Purpose: When a patient develops a significant skin reaction at some point during postmastectomy radiotherapy, a clinical decision is often made to discontinue the planned daily use of bolus. The aim ...
Authors: Cem Altunbas, Adam Avant, Farhang Bayat, Roy Bliley, Ian Boor, Brian Kavanagh, Uttam Pyakurel, Tyler Robin, Ryan Sabounchi
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Improved soft tissue visualization plays an important role in target localization and treatment plan adaptation in CBCT-guided radiotherapy. In this work, a novel CBCT approach, 2D antiscatte...
Authors: Shusen Jing, Qihui Lyu, Dan Ruan, Ke Sheng, Qifan Xu
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Conventional computed tomography (CT) measures the collective attenuation of primary photon fluence and then reconstructs the 3D images without using the timing information of individual phot...
Authors: Xinhui Duan, Vivek Nair, Liqiang Ren, KyuHo Song, Kuan Zhang, Yue Zhang
Affiliation: Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To evaluate how tin-filtered spectral shaping in clinical photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) affects noise magnitude across varying object sizes, radiation doses, and spectral reconst...
Authors: Darren Fang, Amar Kishan, Justin McWilliams, Dan Ruan, Xiaodong Zhong
Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Prostate radiotherapy can malform penile vasculature, contributing to erectile dysfunction and compromising quality of life. To detect, quantify, and preferably avoid such occurrences, this p...
Authors: Michael Armstrong, Courtney R. Buckey, Quan Chen, Suzanne J. Chungbin, Mirek Fatyga, Yi Rong, Jun Tan, Xiang Sheng Yan
Affiliation: Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Clinic
Abstract Preview: Purpose: To model a commercial rotational table in treatment planning system (TPS) for accurate dose optimization and calculation.
Methods: A commercial rotational table (CDR Equilibrium®) is r...
Authors: Stephen R. Bowen, Shijun Chen, Chunyan Duan, Daniel S. Hippe, Qiantuo Liu, Qianqian Tong, Jiajie Wang, Shouyi Wang, Faisal Yaseen
Affiliation: The University of Texas at Austin, Tongji University, University of Washington, Department of Radiation Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Texas at Arlington
Abstract Preview: Purpose: Tumor subregion clustering and prediction of region-specific response can augment assessments and adaptive treatment decisions. A modeling framework was constructed to predict chemoradiation ...
Authors: Jiankui Yuan, Dandan Zheng, Tingliang Zhuang
Affiliation: Medical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, University of Rochester, Varian Medical Systems, Advanced Oncology Solutions
Abstract Preview: Purpose: In Monte Carlo (MC) radiation therapy dose calculations, latent variance exists when directly applying phase-space files (PSF) with a finite number of source particles, while the latter is pr...